Joseon, the last dynasty of Korea, disappeared from the stage of history on August 29, 1910, when it was forcibly annexed by Japan. Nevertheless, today we know the history of the Joseon Dynasty in surprisingly great detail. The key reason is the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty.

The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (Annals of King Sejong).

The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty are the official history records of the Joseon Dynasty and a UNESCO Memory of the World. Each volume of these annals was officially compiled after the king’s death. When considering the objectivity of records, the Annals of King Gojong and Annals of King Sunjong, which were written under the “supervision” of the Japanese during the colonial period, are usually excluded from the official records. The last two kings, Gojong and Sunjong, passed away after the annexation, meaning their annals were compiled after Joseon had already vanished. However, since they were modern figures, there are plenty of other records to reference besides the Annals, and even photographs remain.

Gojong and Sunjong, the last two kings of Joseon. Their annals are not recognized as official records.

The Annals possess unique characteristics compared to other global archives. Among them, two features, in particular, can be viewed from the perspective of Distributed Ledger Technologies.

1. A Record Even the King Could Not Edit

The first feature that makes this history book special is that it was taboo for even the king to read as well as to edit the Annals. This was to ensure the objectivity of the records. Historians regarded this as a calling and sometimes risked their lives to leave records. A representative anecdote showing this objectivity is the record from February 8, the 4th year of King Taejong (1404). One court historian recorded the very words the King said to “not record.”

The King personally rode a horse with a bow and arrow to shoot a roe deer, but the horse fell, causing him to fall off, though he was not hurt. Looking left and right, he said, “Do not let the court historian know.”

Source: Annals of the Joseon Dynasty

At this level, it seems fair to call the Annals an indeed write-only log.

Of course, there are no absolutes. Some kings tried to read or modify them. Even in exceptional cases, the king did not view them directly but went through a procedure where officials checked specific parts. This actually happened during the reign of Yeonsangun, the 10th king; after seeing the records, the king was enraged, leading to a bloody purge.

Modifications were not entirely non-existent. However, it was not a matter of deleting and overwriting existing content, but rather appending revised versions. In other words, it was an append-only method. To compare it to blockchain, it is akin to a hard fork-creating a new chain from a certain point rather than changing the existing block. Joseon was thorough, almost to the point of obsession, when it came to record-keeping.

2. The Ledger Replicated in Four Locations

The second specialty is distributed storage. From the time of King Sejong the Great, the 4th king and the creator of Hangeul, the Annals were printed and stored in three additional locations (Jeonju, Seongju, Chungju) besides Seoul. Because of this characteristic, I believe it is not an exaggeration to call the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty Korea’s first Distributed Ledger system.

Thanks to this distributed storage structure, the Annals were fully preserved despite two devastating wars. During the Imjin War (Japanese invasions wiped out nearly 20% of the population) in 1592, the Japanese military took only 20 days to advance from Busan to Seoul. Three out of the four archives (Seongju, Chungju, Seoul) were located on the invasion route, and they burned down almost simultaneously. What might have seemed excessive—”storage in four locations”—ended up being just enough to save one copy during the actual war. If the legendary, undefeated Admiral Yi Sun-sin had not defended Jeolla (the southwestern province), it is highly likely that even the last copy in Jeonju would have disappeared.

The locations of the four archives of the Annals during the Imjin War.

After losing most of the archives during the Imjin War, Joseon performed a “system update.” This time, they moved the archives not to vulnerable major cities, but to an island (Ganghwado) and three deep mountains. The number of storage sites (4 → 5) and the decentralization of terrain (City → City, Island, Mountain) were upgraded. During the massive attacks by the Qing Dynasty in 1627, the archives in the capital and the island were burned, but the mountain archives were out of reach, preserving the Annals intact.

Korea had various other history books, including the History of Goryeo, and many historical texts around the world existed and vanished. However, the reason the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty exist today is not simply because they are relatively recent, but because they took the form of a distributed ledger system with strong resiliency.

Considering the objectivity of the records, the Annals are impressive for their content alone. But the fact that they designed such a system and operated it for hundreds of years is even more surprising. It is truly a proud legacy of Korea.