Leonardo Da vinci's self portrait.

Rome’s main airport is named after Leonardo da Vinci, showing just how highly he is regarded as a pinnacle of genius among the many talents of the Renaissance. He is famous for his countless notes and ideas, but he has surprisingly few finished works. While this scarcity makes his surviving works even more valuable today, it’s no wonder that he didn’t have a good reputation with his clients. For instance, he was commissioned to paint the Mona Lisa but loved it so much that he never delivered it to the client. From a business perspective, he must have been quite terrible to work with. Moreover, his clients had to endure his experiments in their commissioned works. The atmospheric perspective in his masterpiece, the Mona Lisa, can be called a successful experiment. However, another masterpiece, The Last Supper, faded because he used unsuitable materials for a mural. It has since undergone massive restoration and is still being delicately maintained today. Even today, it’s not easy to be an artist without family support, and it was much more severe back then. For da Vinci, who had to rely entirely on the patronage of aristocrats and the wealthy, how could he possibly sustain his life of experimental art and ideas?

When he began his career in Florence, da Vinci was not the most celebrated talent of his time. He didn’t receive the same level of active patronage from the Medici family as Michelangelo and Raphael, who were active in a later period. He was also overshadowed by his contemporaries like Botticelli and Ghirlandaio (Michelangelo’s teacher), and thus was unable to secure direct patronage. Da Vinci’s pursuit of challenging and experimental art was not easily welcomed by the ruling elite, such as Lorenzo de’ Medici. Furthermore, this absolute dependence on a patron determined not only an artist’s support but also their downfall. The case of Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon’s chief painter, clearly shows how an artist’s fate can be tied to a single patron. When his patron, the absolute ruler Napoleon, fell from power, his career completely collapsed. Thus, betting one’s fate on a single patron could be a great risk for an artist. Da Vinci, who insisted on his own methods, was dissatisfied with his treatment in Florence and decided to go to Milan rather than compete with the artists there. The impressive point here is that he lived in a society where it was possible to move and find a new patron. If that possibility hadn’t existed, da Vinci might never have received the support needed for his anatomical studies and artistic experiments, and he could have faded away as just another name among many.

Leonardo Da vinci's letter to Duke Sforza.

To move to Milan, da Vinci sent a letter to Duke Sforza, who ruled the city at the time. A copy of this letter, as seen in the attached photo, still exists in his notebooks, so we can see its contents. Surprisingly, the letter he sent to Duke Sforza doesn’t promote his abilities as an artist, but rather as a military engineer. The Sforza family had a background as mercenary captains who came to rule Milan, so they were very interested in military technology. Da Vinci tailored his application to the patron’s interests. Looking at this, it feels like the process wasn’t so different from applying for a job or a research grant today, despite the different era. Ultimately, da Vinci moved to Milan when the city requested an artist from Florence, but we don’t know for sure what role this letter played. While famous art history books later claimed the letter was simply ignored, we can also speculate that it must have played some part in the Sforza family’s decision to support him.

Da Vinci spent a long time in Milan as a court painter and engineer, but he later moved through Venice, papal Rome, and France, following historical events and new patrons. These movements are a great example of the decentralized environment of Northern Italy at the time, which made the Renaissance possible. While there were incredible financial patrons like the Medici family, the crucial point was not just the amount of patronage, but the fact that these patron families were spread across various cities. At that time, Northern Italy was a scene of competition not only among wealthy city-states built on Mediterranean trade but also including the Pope in Rome. Rulers in different regions wanted to display their superiority with better talent and superior art and architecture. Because of this, artists were not solely dependent on creating art for a single patron; they could, to some extent, seek out patrons amidst political and historical turmoil. Decentralization, and the competition within this decentralized environment, accelerated the development of science and art, and was the decisive driving force that gave birth to the Renaissance.